A LECTURE ON 


RUBBER 


Prepared by: 


The Hducational Department | 
United States Rubber Company, 
1790 Broadway, New York 
1924 


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RUBBER: <A WORID INDUSTRY 

The rubber industry today is not 2a thing of one gountry or 
one continent. It is a workd industry. On the one hand, the 
supply of crude rubber comes from the tropics, most of it Brown 
on plantations fostered by Europeens. On the other hand, the 
greater part of the raw material is manufactured into rubbor 
goods in the factories’ of America. 


Unlike iron, copver, and cotton, which have been important 
commodities for centuries, the development of the rubber industry 
with the consequent demand for the raw material has all taken 
place within the past 80 years. The great growth, however, has 
been in the past few years, 
has come into so much prominence. 


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THE AMERICAN MARES? 


Rubber manufacture has reached its enormous volume in the 
United States because of tne ¥Yastness of the home merxret,. 


There is Little need of artificial stimulation to develop 
a business of huge proportions for articles so useful as those 
turned out by the rubber factories. In America are 110,000,C00 
people, with the standard of living so high that on an average 
five out of every eight families own motor vehicles. 


Together with this vast power to buy goods is the natural 
tendency of the American to take advantage of every means of 
adding comfort to his home Life and efficiency to his business 
methods. As &@ consequence there is a ready market in preat 
volume not oniy for rubber goods, but for practically all other 
lines»wuich have a place in the life of the day. 


Until comparatively recent times the rubber industry in the 
United States was carried on along easy-going, old-fashioned 
lines. But conditions today are completely altered, and with a 
great many companies in keen competition for business, every 
possible step is taken to acquire an advantageous position. 


This competition has made necessary the introduction of the 
most modern methods of production and the fullest possible 
elimination of waste at every point. The rubber factories of 
America take rank with the factories of other great industries - 
in théir efficiency of method and management. 


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RUBSER MA NURACTURS IN AMRICA | 

The country's preduction of articles of rubber is approxi-~ 
mately seven times as largo as that of the next largest rubber- 
manufacturing nation. 


On the first of January, 1923, the industry in the United 
States comprised 500 concerns, giving employment to 175,000 
persons. The value of the rubber rcoods manufactured and scold 
during the year 1923 was 4961,000,000, of which only four per 
cent. was for export. 


The world's production of crude rubver for the year 1917 was 
205,925 tons, of which the United States imported 177,089 tons, 
Or GUa per Genb. Ot the whole production, .The next largest 
consumers were the United Kingdom, With 26,985 tons; France, 
18,875 tons; Italy, 5,593 tons; Japan, 5,747 tons; and Canada, 
5,846 dons. 


The enormous growth of the incustry in America is shown by 
the fact that in 1906 the United States consuined 24,1135 tors, as 
against 15,858 tons ror Great. Britain, the next largest consumer; 
While in 1923 the United States consumption had grown to 305,000 
tons, aS against 27,500 tons for Great Britain, or an increased 
consumption in the United States of 208.000 tons since 1906, while 
the next largest consumer, Great Britain, increased only,14,000 
tons. 


The growth of rubber manufacture in the United States is 
shown by the following figures from the Government Census Revorts, 
covering the period since rubber was first included in census 
returns in 1879: 


YEAR VAIUS OF BRODUSTS NO. On PACTORIES _ EMPLOY ES 
1879 $25,310,000 104 11,789 
1889 4:., 654,000 167 20,152 
1899 | 99, 881,000 201 35, B66 
1904 148,015,000 £65 43,873 
1909 197,395, 000 £67 49 £64 
1914 . $00,994,9C0 44.2 %4 OFL 
1919 1,138,216, 000 AN? 168, 649 
1923 -(Est.} 961,000,000 BOO 175,000 


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in 2022 with funding trom 
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ore Pans Y WAN UPACT URE _ 


It is estimated that eighty per cent,of all rubber consumed 
in the United States goes into automobile tires. 


During 1923 the United States produced 3,644,000 motor cars 
ang 070,000 mator trucks, a total of 4,014,000. The highest 
previous production in any year wes that of 1922 with 2,659, ,064. 
The total wholesale value of cars and trucks in 1923 was 
we, 510,385,000, 

Tire production for the year was 45,000,000, with a whole- 
sale vaiuvation of $620,000,000,. 


The motor vehicle registration in the United States on Jan. 
1, 1924 was approximately 15,300,000, divided into 13,500,000 
motor cers and 1,800,000 trucks, The world registration of 
motor vehicles is estimated at 18,100,000, giving the United 
States eighty-three per cent. of the total registration through- 
out the world. Of the motor vehicles in the United States, 
4,250,000 are owned by farmers. Only eight per cent of the 
vehicles manufactured last year were exported. 


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RUBBER FOOTWEAR _ 


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The first considerable demand for rubver goods in the United 


States after the discovery of vulcanization was for rubber shoes 
and mechanical goods. 


The following census figures show the steady progress made 
in rubber footwear manufacture: 1879, $9,706,000; 1889, 
p18, 652,000; W699; 941,090,000; 1904, $70,075,000; 1909, 
Rag VOq oo e914 whos. 8e2,000;' 1919, Si16), 917.0005’ 1921, 
Koa 033,000. The figures for 1923 show total footwear output 
of $145'000,000. 


Next to tires, rubber boots and shoes have formed the most 
important branch of the rubber industry. The wearing of light 
rubbers in bad weather is a general custom in the United States, 
especially outside a few of the larger cities. 


There is a highly developed line of rubber footwear for 
the farmers, lumbermen, miners, fishermen and other outdoor 
workers. The warmth and moisture-roof qualities of these goods 
make them popular throughout the whole country, especially dur- 
ing the period when snow is on the ground. 


One of the most important fields of rubber footwear is 
that of canvas rubber-soled shoes for summer and sport 
wear. The United States Rubber Company's Keds are known 
the world over. There are types of these shoes for every 
purpose, whether it be for ordinary outdoor wear in 
summer, or for athletics. In basketball, tennis and hand - 
ball they are especially well known. 


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RUBBER MECHANICAL GOODS 


The third important classification of rubber manufacture 
is mechenical goods. The velue of goods produced under 
this classification in 1923 was ¢ 64,859,000 . The list 
of articles is very long, including many that are vitally 
essentiel in industry such as beiting, packing, hose, hard 
rubter goods, flooring, printers' blankets, and tape. 


The List of the varieties of hose is a long one: ‘acetylene, 
aco weeks eur Ori lial nr, Siena), air tool.) boiien, 
car heating, chemical extinguisher, creamery, coke, deck, 
discharge, divers’, dredging sleeve, engine and tender, fire, 
earaen, gas, gasoline, hydraulic, locomotive, mill, oil, 
pecking house, paint spray, paves machine pneumatic drill, 
radiator, railway, sand blast, spray, squirt, steam, street 
flushing, suction, tanners', vacuum, vinegar and picrle, 
and water, Theré @re many sub-divisions, oil hose, for 
instance; including the following types: barrel filler, 
discharge, rotary, sea loading suction, suction and dis- 
cnarge, tank car, tank wagon, and oil burning Locomotive. 


Rubber beltines has an important place in American rubber 
manufacture. Rubber belts for conveying, elevating, and 
transmission have a strongly intrenchea position. Because 
of the mammoth operations, with vast tonnages, the belting 
question has received especial attention, and it has been 
found that Yor rugged service where adverse conditions are 
likely to anpear, the very nature of rubber gives it 
Supenioricy. 


Rubber packing has been regarded by some authorities as 
the most useful of all rubber products. It is used to 
make jolnts in- engines, puis, ete., impervious. 


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RUBBER SOLES AND HETLS _ 

The most remarkable instance on record of success tnat has 
come to a rubber product after long and persistent effort on the 
parry’ ol nose who were ‘convinced of its merit is the rubber heel. 


Rubber heels have been manufactured in the United States 
for meny years but they met with firm resistance from the leather 
manufacturers. But the rubber heel manufacturers persisted in 
pushing their product with the result that during the past three 
years they have swept forward into pheriomenal success. During 
1923, 200,000,000 pairs of rubber heels were consumed in the 
United States. It is estimated that at the present time close 
to eighty per cent. of all new shoes go into the market equipped 
by their makers with rubber heels. 


The acceptance of the rubber heei is indicative of the 
progress rubber nas made in a field which up to a few years ago 


was granted to another industry. No other class of commodity 


had been so generally accepted for centuries as a shoe made of 
leather in all its parts. The inroad being made by rubber in 
the field of leather today needs no other index than the fact 
that leather producers have voted to spend $300,000 a year for 
@ period of three years to advertise the idee tat “nothing 
can take the place of leather". 


The only reason that cen be offered for the increasing 
popularity of the rubber heel is that, for the service a heel 
is called on to give, the rubber heel is more satisfactory., 


Soles in which rubber is the chief constituent are also 
coming into wide popularity. "Uskide", a material for 
soles maie by the United States Rubber Company, is 
rapidly establishing itself in popular favor, chiefly 
because it will outwear any leather sole, and makes an 
exceptionally good looking shoe bottoming. 


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THE POSITION OF WILD RUBBER 
In the early days, matlvfacturers were dependent on the 
small quantities of rubber brought principally from Pera and 
other Amazon River ports but also from Africa and Central 
America by traders and ship captains who obtained it in exchange 
for cotton goods, hardware, Ares! and other merchandise. 
Enterprising firms, however, rapidly saw a greater opportunity 
POT EO Ito through’ orgéaniz gat ion and these began to initiate 
and finance regularly organized expeditions into the interior. 
Tne practice, both in South america and in africa, was very much 
the same and many of these early merchants amassed large fortunes 
While they had the field to themselves. Gradually, owing to 
competition, profits became more uncertain aud not infrequeritly 
Ba im who bought in South America and on the West Coast of 
frica, were obliged to sell their rubber at a loss on its ar- 
een in the United States or Europe. 


The whole history of rubber has indicated a tendency to a 
wide swing =from a feast to a famine and back again. In the early 
days when wild rubber was the sole source of supyrly and the total 
tonnage comparatively small, this movement naturally led to the 
organization of secret vools to regulate buying and corners to 
Speculatively control selling prices. Now that plantation pro- 
duction has overshadowed wild rubber in the ratio of about 93% 
to 7%, other plans for regniation have been devised, but this 
time not so much in the interest of Speculation as to protect the 
economic position, both.for producer and consumer. On November 
1, 1922, the so-called Stevenson Restriction Plan, to which re- 
ference will be meade later, came into force. 


such wild rubber as still comes on tne market is handled 
very much as it was 50 years ago, but it has sunk into a posi- 
tion of relative unimportance (ana need hardly be considered 
from a practical standpoint}, Receivers at the primary ports 
continue to sell their product to New York and European import- 
ers who, in turn, send their representatives with offerings to 
manufacturers, These offerings include not only the old stand- 
ard Up-Hiver and Island grades of Fine Para; “which arrive in 
the same form and are coaguleted by the same crude methods that 
have been in vogue from the beginning, but also innumeranle off- 
grade rubbers, the intrinsic values of which are knowm only to 
dealers and manufacturers who are by no means in unanimous agree-~ 
ment as to their relative merits. Before the era of plantations 
great experience was an absolute essential to success; today, 
with the virtual disappearance of wild rubbers, the whole tuerket 
has become, generally speaking, standardized on established lines 
of plantation grades, so that there is no lonzer the same neces- 
Sity for a buyer to be an expert judge of qualities. Rubber 
Association rules and arbitrators are available for his protection 
in all the markets of the world. 


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THE RUBBER ii RKETS _ 


In 1905, although American manufacturers consumed only 467) 
of the world's rubber (which was then all wild) es against 75% 
today, there was no such predominant world marxet as has since 
developed in London. This is because approximately 80% of the 
world's rubber is now British controlied through financial in- 
terests in plantations. Prior to 1905 New York and London were 
of about equal importance as markets through which virtuaily all 
of the outout of the imazon passed. New York was the center for 
Mexicans and Centrals; Antwerp, for the Belgian Congo grades; 
Lisbon, for the rubber coming from tne Portuguese Colonies; while 
Bordeaux received most of the output of French Equatorial Africa, 
and Hamburg that from German Africa. With the development of 
the Plantations, it is no longer necessary for the important 
firms in New York and London to maintain direct touch with these 
Continental cities, although many still have tneir correspondents 
through whom such wild rubber as is still svaileble finds its 
way to the ultimate consumer. 


Before reaching the manufacturer, rubber usually passes 
through various hands-in London, the importer, the broker, and 
tne dealer; in New York, the importer, the dealer, and the broker. 


The London market differs from the New York market be- 
cause a large proportion of rubber vroduced is shipped to the 
head offices of piantation companies which are domiciled there. 
These companies, or their agents, usually turn this rubber over 
to a broker for sale at a price Pixed by the owner. The broker 
receives 1% on the value of 211 transactions consummated by him 
as his commission, in return for which he guarantees buyer or 
Seller and attends to all of the handling, delivery, and .¢ol- 
lections. In London, when rubber is not shipped direct to the 
plantation company, it is brought in by independent importers 
who, likewise, utilize the services of the brokers on the same 
terms, The broker (prevented by association rules from aj; roach- 
ing the manufacturer direct) sells to the dealer and "outsiders" 
or Speculators, who, although middlemen, fulfil a useful purpose, 
because while consumers are not regular buyers in the dailj 
market, they are. The Lovidon and New York dealer is the 1i.an 
who largely creates the market, for he is always in a position 
to relieve the importer who prefers to sell his consignments up- 
on arrival. In New York the terms "importer" and "dealer" are 
usually synonymous, The broker, if utilized, sells direct to 
the manufacturer, receiving a commission of 1/4 of 1% for his 
Services which do not include guaranteeing any credit risk.’ In 
handling transactions between dealers, the broker's commission 
is reduced to 1/8 of 1%. 


Until the beginning of the war in 1914, all importations 


of rubber into England, with the exception of Para grades, were 
sold by the brokers at public auctions which occurred fortnightly. 


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THE RUBBER MARKETS (CONT'D) 


These public sales were esteblished for other commodities before 
the importation of rubber became of any volume, and were a 
guarantee bo the foreign shipoer that his consignee at London 
obtained the best mariet prices of the day. The procedure in 
handling, sampling, grading, and cataloging the offerings to be 
presented at auction was the same then as it is today. The 
auctions gradually grew, owing to increased imports of planta- 
PLOre rive MUM tne oar ivauparh OF 1914: 4t took four or 
five days of public sales to deai with the catalogs. MThen, there 
was practically no trading in fresh arrivals between the auc- 
tions. It became anparent about this time that, although it 
might De desirable to offer wild’ rubber iin public: auction, be- 
cause of the various buyers having different ideas in regard to 
the value, it was not at all necessary to catalog and sell by 
public auction standard grades of plantation rubber which were 
recognized by name as regular in quality. 


Following the outbreak of war there were soveral months 
of business stagnation during which scereely any bids were made 
in public auctions and this hastened the conclusion. In the 
early part of 1914 the fortnightly London auctions totaled from 
1,200 to 1,500 tons and this quantity consisted of several 
hundred different lots, averaging probably not more than half 
a ton each. After the discontinuance of the public sales, trad~- 
ing became much more free-- broxers were able to sell parcels 
at any time to any buyer without waiting a fortnight to submit 
lots in the public auction. This proved a welcome latitude of 
action and it is now improbable that plantation suctions will 
ever be resumed in London. ‘Today all rubber, upon arrival, is 
required to be placed in a licensed warehouse where a corps of 
expert samplers and graders examine and sample the various par- 
cels. These samples are inspected in the different brokers’ 
salesrooms, end dealers and manufacturers alike buy on descrip- 
tion -- Standard Quality lst Latex Crepe or Smoked Sheet. ‘The 
description is the same in London, Singapore, ana New Yor, 
although the standards vary slightly, London being the most rigid. 


The agents of estates, with headquarters in London, or the 
importers, now take the place cf the o1d wild rubber merchant o 
trader of yesterday and they control and instruct the brokers a 
what price and when to sell their consignments; othervite the 
procedure is precisely the same as existed in the old days. 


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The development of the now important markets in the East 1s 
Langely a result of the-wsa"whén it was difficult to obtain ship- 
ping accommodations to England an@ .merica. at that time several 
large American consumers began to buy their supplies in the 
primary markets of Singapore and Colomoo, and it was not long be- 
fore these centers had also inauzurated a weekly auction on the 
Same basis that used to be in vogue in London. These suctions 
still take place and serve a very useful purpose and will probably 


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THE RUBBER MARXETS (CONT'D) 


be continued. They may almost be termed necessary because, be- 
sides European estate rubover, there is a large amount of native 
rubber to be Sold,.alsc certain European-controlled estates 
preter to sell their rutbs:,sor pert.of it, ex store in the East 
rather than to pay the cost of shipping to Europe or imerica,. 
Today the iarge American companies maintain buying offices in 
Singapore and Cotombo, whire all of the important dealers, both 
British and American, are represented there, either through their 
own organizations or by agents. Aside from the rvbdber passing 
through these Bastern auctions, much business is also transacted 
there privately. 


It is not economically sound for rubber coming to the United 
States physically to vass through London, wherever the sale may 
be negotiated. There is the added freight and the expense of 
rehandling, to say nothing of additionel fees-and commissions to 
agents. London is naturally. anxious to meintain its supremacy 
as the world rubber market, and to overcome some of the »rectical 
obstacles it is now common for sales to'ye made in London, calling 
for direct shipment of the rubber c.i.f. Singapore or Colombo 
to New York. This rubber is bought on description in London and 
the quality is gueranteed by the London broker. ; 


Until plantation rubber overshadowedall other grades, there 
were monthly public auctions in sntwerp, Bordeaux, and Amsterdam, 
consisting chiefly of wild rubbers, the most important being the 
Antwerp sales of Congo grades. ‘he auctions in these cities were 
not conducted as in London, Singapore, and Colombo. Catalogs were 
issued by the various brokers to likely buyers, as elsewhere, 
containing a description and valuation of the parcels to be of- 
fered, but any prospective buyer was obliged to send in sealed 
bids for his requirements to be opened on the day of the auction. 
This was in marked contrast to the British Systen of open bid- 
ding. The Continental auctions were styled "Inscription Sales” 
and perhaps in a sense benefited the importers by insuring that 
anyone requiring a specific lot would put in the very highest 


bid possible, but they were never popular with the large con- 
sumers,. 


ee ee 


ae & La Te = 
DTA Pie. he Pee 
Lae “ot iy Wee ' i 
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‘ a \ a 
of rw 
oe : 


od _moneiet tee ahi hla 
 iphy Yo Fewome ween en, Oke 

“patinde fa See nen enEgO-sN 
ity Cd: ‘eTOGR: bei 4 ea Ree vt eR 


wey Bese GR SEROTEL e VaN hee ies | Sa 
ee BRO ET VR eee pee ages Ca 
[ERS yen alaed, Sue nou nh casi by we Ce 


Cee) ARE NY etd 9) pared Ka ttpborniy 
has Be Miia 2) xoddive ont et gid" i nee bo 7 Ue er tie I: 
na tangnang apes egensient soi er 


he : Sirsa ri 


oo vf Ryser bes seosibcbio “iol wats gti 
<n eet Se TOE TM peeypipeeaa ert Re 

Yo ip ioe Orn hoiey inure: foe bh rt a ge 
eye dS owe ant Lora herb ie e 
yf ae eeon i ty i ego pt titty Re 


Whee ad es tae ys: et ae 4 

Gt Py "OEE v- A . & 
fad tdawe anid Te MO) ARO. Cee us BIER ig ier hae 
seg FRG One GER) wR ot poo alse: SOL ee Ww 


ry Si : . ac) ve A Ae eae ; mT vi rg Mes 2 b9 \g! Dee ~% * fas} no uy) on 7 to Pi: ait)! 
i ys aa a ay soma ty lc 
ur og a re | 


A 
rion a =o pt i fey 7 t eons 
SOT. Ce Ok ae thy, 


dahann tact 3 tones wate! 


$ teedr ee nas atin Be oe ce oa 
ir ; ‘. ; q 


Bs elit: rh chorta jeer os 3900 ‘ox: RMbwOd A 
20 Boe TsO odin hdd Bae: sine nie. Tans 
| etenwe@ss Ba ere tes ies ot ce y 
eG. we WE eT S OT OKs es CN ta Moe denis ker BEF Role 
Gok nak “tt whee oe nt otek Odio Bie “2 weed, METS o , 
* Pose te ES we fii gre hore fea ) ax emiyes rey 
ett t Ye YT Lgl to deny s daar rut oy Of Fae 


hong ree: aed deikete mari pelea S39 e ‘eo tox 
‘dedt shiva yd. gtatdecct edd bend 
Bas lab & of wie? ‘and ak doy bisow tor 


mony oh % 


bn cee Maio Seth ihe a é 


ay h ; : ‘ a ies. } ~ ; J 
nip Nd; ; i h r hs) a it f i j y ‘ ; 
ci ye Nei Ai: Hii Wt Te i) Ee Nea 


a ies Ty 


THR SITUATION TODAY 


Se eh Ol ASAD 


The world's rubber position as it exists today is a fascinat- 
ing study. The consumption in 1925 approached 420,000 tons-- 
about 500,000 tons of which was absorbed by the United States. 

Of this, 93% was terived from approximately 3, 500,000 acres of 
plantations in the Middle East. 


During the BASE war slump of 1921-1922, much young acreage 
came into bearing for the first time which, eialee with e 
curtailment in demand, led to such low orices that not only no 
new planting was uné@ertalcen co Peevey? for the future, dout many 
Old estates were forced to operate at a ioss, while some few were 
actually abandoned, 


Under the leadership of the Rubber Growers!’ Association, 
efforts were made voiuntarily to curtail production on the estetes, 
but Ghis was found to be ineffective. As a result of necessity, 
therefore, the British Coliénial Office recommenced the so-called 
stevenson Plan of enforced restriction of export to the Colonial 
Governments having direct jurisdiction and this was adovted. Un- 
successful efforts were made to induce the Dutch Government to 
take similar measures but these having failed, the British de- 
cidéd to undertake the burden alone. Without gcing into the many 
details of the Sheree ee Plan, it is sufficient to say that the 
Act might wery properly be called one of regulation rather ae 
restriction, as its Object is to stabilize prices on a basis 
calculated to save the existing plantation industry from ruin and 
to attract new capital to provide for ever-increasing demand. 
This latter phase is, of course, very much in the interest of 
the consumer. 


Under the Stevenson Plan, October 31,1919, to November 1, 
1920, is taken as the period of standard »sroduction, taking into 
consideration the var lous ages of trees. Bach plantation is per- 
mitted to export up to 60% of its rated standard et 2 minimum 
duty. This minimum duty is 1 penny in the Federeted Malay States 
and 2 a/2 rupes cents) plus;an extra 1/4 cent Sore ton 
charge, in Ceylon. If the average London selling price for market 
Standard grades ranges between 1 shilling and 3 pence © pound and 
1 shilling and 6 pence a 20und in any ouarter 5% extra, or 65% 
of rated production, » may be exoorted. If the price averages 1 
Shilling and 6 pence, or Over, the increase oermitted at the 
minimum duty is 10% each quarter instead.of 5. ‘Conversely, 12 
the price declines, exports are testricted 5% or 10%, as Lhe case 
may be. 


2 a) 


Much of the adverse criticisn, doth in America and abroad, 
directed against the Stevenson Act has been due to a lack of 
knowledge as to the’ real cost of ean rubver.,. Dor tas, 
British companies themselves are largely to blame in trying to 
present favorable yevorts to thair shareholders. [It has not been 
customary in reoorting the 7.0.5. cost to include devreciation of 
trees and interest on capits1 for the six initial, wnvorodrctive 


~Le~ 


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years of planting and, considering the risks of tropical.agricul- 
Sure, it is algo feir to add 6s sro fit of 15% on the investinent -- 
no smaller return would tempt investors. If all this is consider- 
ed, a price of 65 cents & oound in America or Europe is not ex- 
orbitant, at least uritil such time as budding, seed séiection, or 
other scientific planting methods have substantially increased 

the present average yield per acre, which may now be taken at 350 
pounds on areas seven years old. myth the market ruling below 
this level, experience has shown that new capital camot be read-. 


ily attracted. 


While the Stevenson Plan may be condemed as interfering with 
the economic laws of supply and demand, the fact remains that the 
alternative of doing nothing might well be far more serious. Tf, 
as is quite likely, a shortage of rubber develops in the next few 
years, it will be primarily due to the hiatus created as a result 
of stopping planting during the period of iow prices and not to 
any present restriction. There is little doubt but that as condi- 
tions warrant, oressure exerted by British planters will force a 
return to normal production at the earliest possible moment, for 
it is indeed galling to them to see earnings curtailed while 
plantations in the Dutch possessions continue to operate at maxi- 
mum capacity with corresponding profits. 


It was agreed by joint committees, aovointed by the Rubber 
Association of America,Inc., and the Rubber Growers' Association 
of London, which met in January, 1923, that normal world's stocks 
or rubber should properly be considered as approximately eight 
months of the world's annual consumption. Stocks on December 321, 
1925, amounted to about 270,000 tons. Consumption in 1923 was 
estimated at 420,C00 tons. On this basis stocks at the end of the 
year were 10,000 tons below the figure agreed upon as normel, which 
condition should indicate a probable orice level warranting the 
release of additional amounts of rubber at present controlled by 
restriction. 


Of late one has heard much of the well-advertised slogan 
"America Should Produce Its Own Rubber." This makes a strone 
sentimental appeal, but unless epplied in a practical way, any 
attemy to realize such an ideal may prove dangerous and lead to 
heavy fruancial losses on the part of those who ere not thoroughly 
dbnformed ¥egarding the difficulties of accomplishment, 


The United States Department of Commerce is at preset engpege 
inmaking a complete survey of the whole crude rubber situation, 
with the object of determining the oracticability of growing rub- 
ber economically in the Philipvines, South and Central America 
and Mexico, as well as investiguting actual costs of production in 
the countries on which the worla is now dependent, This report 
will also show the maximum suvplies available from »resent planted 
areas and, taken in conjunction with an investigation as to the 
probable increase in world's consumption during the next seven 
years, now being undertaken by the Rubber Association of America, 
Inc., should furnish a very valuable index as to what the future 
holds in store. 


* Line isi. hes 1 

a LCR: mer 

mild ey) Py aa 
Wh ote 


ith as 
| yt a 


peta 


2 si (i ale bach Be, Sonne om, ' 
 Syugiae hey Nh ick NNR teat 
Le agli RANT: ey “2h 
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1 AMA FB pee inte ie 
Bits gd Naa pir kena to Tk Aas 
a Ba ie itd ‘hap: i) nk: ON » eed: . 
y eect CRIN. Aree See Aas bad or 
me 1 ti 1 eee a ey tM) Ley. a aed Cee and 
Hdd’ ate 4 by wa nae te we. Ms" hoe ape” 
. RC OLD tame 


" ee Bed ea ink ia » od thi tal 
i} hi ’ | c | ue i ' hin ily OT: y 


) unt Lie} an 
y 7 ee UAe 


opt Sieh acl? i ie Bi, me mio * ‘ee cS | 
“he S000 18} want Atha) Meth Sit: 23? 


“ibe are. ee me ibe Ce radtt eh Ok 


Bi ry af a at «i by 4K) ae hy hi ; oy : eo 0) lle : 
eae ed a eq Ha abet: 


Ati a haba * 


ava * 
ie " ree ‘une 


apis % ie Ra es ! ‘ha ey beet: th bt 
Rid. yethye me wy Ole pull ie ¥ et be reat. hn % By 


eit at ABP ‘vf tawe } ‘aaa: fi y Bie 


ae anni BHR enaauil bi) hi a res ® | 
“wart ae sun speek ae Shi On 
bai CS a ay es ji oe i Ree 5 eat 
a Nae aie Ae ie ne, Bk bottac, ae 
Niet, "ees 4 Peay dedald vA 1 vot . Loo yng 
vane sid 1M) iw OT Ry Ny ven pameeae int "nig a is 
ee | towonte acc ines ‘aiid ta 1) hl Pils 
aus  ikresin cl 49) Smee 
ode bien arin: herb 
Phish 


aarey © b bie f { 
Se, i ant ie Wh Se a kahonk 
i) Hf De 8 ie: Cs rey Wee Pe a 
Manan Lit: Ke: hs ehgite 
4 p/ ee oe asl ant 


The areas suitable for growing rubber, particularly Hevea or 
Finé Para on which the industry depends, are limited geographically 
and it is inconceivable that this tree can ever be grown within 
the confines or the United States, This being the case, the 
American industry must rely upon its own tropical possessions or 
foreign countries. 


Up to the present, labor and land laws, together with the 
uneertain political future, have prevented cavital from flowing 
into the Philippines, Shortage of low-priced labor and govern- 
mental insecurity have likewise discouraged investment in Latin 
America. British and Dutch colonies are well administered and 
property rights there are secure, taxation is not unduly oppressive 
and consequently,there does not appear to be any sound reason why 
America is not safe in allowing the plantation industry to con- 
tinue to develop along logical economic lines as it has done in 
the past. 


-14— 


eae ae 
ACWO tot 
Baste: ah read 
nt at rg, pie ": . . 
| Phi ag seine LO She: 
fe Oe), ae ba agen 


- ig 
ab Snob aah 


WEAT BEES RUBBER LOOKS LIKE 


Crude rubber differs so ‘much in appearance from manufactured 
rubber that only those familiar with it would be likely to recog- 
nize it as rubber, 


During the war, when the Allies were taking such stringent 
precautions to prevent rubber from reaching Germeny, the secret 
service men had to receive special instructions so that they 


would know rubber when they saw it. 


The fine grades of crude rubber are the smoked sheets and 
pale crepe from the great rubber plantations of the Fer Hast, and 
Para, the rubber obtained from trees that grow wild in the jungle 
of the Amazon, 


Crude rubber comes to the manufacturers to-day in much better 
shape and condition than when the industry was young. Then many 
of the inferior grades were slimy, foul-looking messes that were 
anything but pleasant to handle. Modern methods have produced 
many changes and the rubber comes in today, especially in the 
finer grades, looking almost good enough to eat, 


Para rubber makes its way to the markets in the form of 
"biscuits", large balls weighing about sixty pounds each. They 
are a rich brown in color. It is necessary before this rubber is 
used in manufacture to give it a thorough cleansing to remove 
impurities. 


Into the production of crude rubber on the plantations of the 
Har Bast, on the other hand, have gone the ingenuity and resource- 
fulness of the scientific minds of the white race with the result 
that the rubber coming from the plantations is very largely free 
of impurities and carefully packed, ach plantation has its own 
views as to the best form of preparing the rubber for market, but 
it comes chiefly in three forms, smoked sheet, thin pale crepe 
and thick pale crepe. As its name implies, smoked sheet has re- 
ceived a smoke treatment but the crepes are unsmoked. Crepe takes 
its name from its resemblance to paper creoe, 


The thick pale crepe looks so much like tripe that if some of 
it were displayed in a butcher's window a housewife would iikely 
Sah fon Te couple of pounds of that nice looking trive in the 
window." It is made up in sheets about one-half inch thick and 
has a lemon tint. Thin crepe is made in sheets about as thick as 
heavy flannel and looks like flannel, the lemon color being more 


pronounced, 


smoked sheet might easily pass for the black molasses candy 
that was so popular with the boys and giris of fifty years ago. 
It is about a quarter inch thick and has a deep brown color, verg- 
ing on black, Its shiny surface is usually stamped with some 
simple design, such as squsres or diamonds, each plantation follow- 
ing its own fancy. It smells decidely like pane 


sae, ern 
eet, 3 


bernie | 
a if mere: ad 


\ 


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y ot >: oe (e . * Pr 


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ays 4 4 f 


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pi ra is i" te 
Hh aE: Cont nk cn ote 19d yee 
i SOUL Ree OM a) Pate ont: righ 
oan Seas gou Ber ees Beer ee Kale 6 SGT 
bo Ms pr ave ona sen, sO H mrey at, Reore EY 
ibe £ seh iatompae  VehGh Ma (SenGD peas u's | “Sits Be 
i Nig dike, Ot So ll sisal Npaost s i 


j 
i 
vas 


‘se tata ty Sekt te weg v2 r i . et 3 suena 


eet 
Mi eo 


’ e oy “_ 4) A 
OO RD So: NAC ek: phi A Ee Cee AE Ke Law. ate Sel Ae kad 
eit. 2 reat Sant ees ey CBT ‘eT Tees oak et q t Phe « © 6 v0 . £9 4 
re te OMT ) . 


AV OMG | OF: giaspetes £0: 1G ah ae ae 


suid Be ‘ohne ndtiment Ett! a 9 oo se ia Leo. RG. okt on tg of 
weomwenet bite 1 LoHomih oF coe rad Raa, rae ett 
ue Dyes Bl ae Kee peas) 1 ie oO abn okt bese ne ck 


enrt Mhonie ats at ae ident Pi ata 
tates 


cere BE aid mide toe to a oa: erent wr 

bara ae yin npr ot ued ite 7 ony miele peanuts 40 eek 
py oh. oot or a bet ui ye ony Sesto AH NO outa 

| RR ES HR So yee ng Mee acts ad t ri ay 

AME NRO.) eotone ee dan eam ere) tee sre a 
tein | eae a Hiay, 88 18 


iat i 
it 


a ‘auine ‘ty te aie oor is oe sign 
wee ti hilvew orange yi wohug 

Gs. te Maas ge bloae G 

| spobeee: ‘hock * tied ato. t 
ade Se Ap ode) ‘poe tie) ae 

fa orton ) peker fade somes A9 


ji 
vals 


~ 


x 


The United States Rubber Cosmony, has gone a step beyond 
other plantetion owners who overate no factories, and introduces 
processes into the preparation of its cruce rubber which especial- 
ly fit the rubver for manufacture into the goods into which it 


is to be made. 


On this company's plantation every step in the handling of 
rubber from the moment it leaves the tree as latex is taken with 
a view to the particular kind of goods into which the rubber is 
to be manufactured. 


toy 


ees 
are pie 
Bes 


ee ee ae A Caan 
x a3 , vs) ee vn ied: EMM { 


> es hie teety 


ry a 


a 
ey 
os 
aye 


as 


i ey 


wv 


_REVOLUTIONARY NEW PROCESSES _ 

Because of certain advantages which it will be hard to over- 
come, Engiand may remain the largest producer of crude rubber for 
a long time to come, but America is emphasizing daily her promi- 
nence in the field of ruboer mé&nufacture. 


The most recent development in the field of rubber manu- 
facture ~ the announcement by the United States Rubber Company 
of two remarkable new processes of manufacture - gives new proof 
of America's leadership. 


The:new developments are: Sprayed rubber, for use in the 
manufacture of all rubber products, and Web Cord, a fundamental 
improvement in the art of cord tire meking, 


Sprayed rubber iS produced by a revolutionary new method 
which eliminates that great bughear of rubber manufacture, 
deck of uniformity. Hitherto each rubber grower has trans- 
formed his liquid rubber into blocks and Sheets by a process 
of coagulation which called for pouring acids into the licuid 
PUuUNder Or My arVvine wit in: smoke. 


Needless to say rubber when it reached the factories from 
the great number of individual plantations was anything but 
uniform in quality, and there was of necessity a good deal of 
haphazard work about turning it into useful articles. 


Sprayed rubber is absolutely wmiform and pure; and pos- 
Sesses all the strength of the virgin rubber. Scientific 
tests show it to have a tensile strength never before equalled 
by any commercial rubber. 


Web Cord is the name of a wonderful new cord fabric for 
tires in which each individual cord has been immersed in rubber 
latex until it is literally impregnated. Every motorist knows 
by now that the length of life of his tires depends largely 
upon the thoroughness with which each cord in the carcass is 
impregnated and surrounded by rubber, the object of this be- 
ing to reduce friction, 


In making Web Cord, the cords are given a latex bath. 
Cotton absorbs rubber in this new liguid) form: cuickiy,: so tnat 
by the time the bath is completed each cord and every thread 
in each cord has been saturated with liqvid rubber. 


ms ty pe 


J } a) 
~ ry 
1 
- " 
‘ 
a 


ee) Aan 


er iS 


mi 
lie 
ee 
ay 
, ‘i f 
wd 


ie tires: a10t ae mah ee si i 


feat ins 


ade tf u er ‘ "Nb i i. ¥ ) Le Tatras i 59 * «bioe way a ar Be 4M 
. r 


ogy . ih ray rh aie y oud ae t 
RS eae 
rte way hee ened rattan a hae ihe 


, - " » AR tie Be Be tt 
ee’ ied aH Re ee 


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% 


Cab ane SARS EARL ORE 5 int 
yin T y Ge 8 Ra yy bat y PA in: 
th f y es 7 ; iy oy ts 
‘sr ae ay yi Ts. ae 
Ne 4 f | 
> a a ak cok ee es 
0 Oo Saain| Sh nt anit ; 
» i if hee Fe : « 
Sa ie mit fay 
SEE ROAM LAN, fi 
Sh ee iy wien 


relanee Bie tee 


~s 


b a Nios 4 ney 1 hoe: eae ae 


) esi et i eo 4 


Hy i oe | y; . Ah) ae M Yee P 


wiz rns We ie Me 9 iat; f 
at ay: hei aie 5 


EXPORTS OF CRUDE RUBBER PROM PRODUCING COUNSRTES 


hs 


Country (Estimated) 192 
ee Ma are ia iig lh. | altvd) heen oe gu LES, OOO 212,694 i 
EUS gia 2 ee AU RDN 107 San ae ee 375,000 47. 367 
ndia * ° . e . ® ° s e e e s e « e e a 6, 000 4, 654 
ee Eee MENA g RaWR ye ale Olé. faite! ote at ra 4,000 SMe © 
i Ne Oe a MR Ae he NCA Cg yw)! lali@! (gl elt) lage se ig OU 2, 634 
yee re OS Teele gig ake ise wi Ridin. 1, Wy OOD 102, 383 
PEG Ne 40 Sa ci CEM VS a APSA ont a ne Lea RS a 4,500 4,104 
ec TR BG Meat ANE Tn i ee eee 22, 000 22,696 
i men OL ECM We re Mule aga ber iy leet igi Nel: ala) atom 6, 000 9,000* 
Total 585,000 409,482 
ABSORPTION OF CRUDE RUBBER BY CONSUMING COUNTRIES 
Country 1923 
_(Sstimated,) 1922 
RUBEN ey Epon amtr g Jcg 0) gh) gt Met's ey /\'@ Ow ube ae ie S0G ,,000 296, 266 
Ro eR Mg We Wight alia al alos (tele, Leas 24, 500 92) 6Gd: 
sree Aue MEE eeu Nn Mur tg ha tN ely lal bel Get tngttin £3, 000 Paes) oy 
LTMe gS Wd TER RUE 28! VAS WW (0 PTR oy AR A nN A 25, 000 eta te 
1 oe i Sn CAM VUS arb ascot re the luw Nitwel Maite 6, 500 6,431 
Germany, Austria FONT RN a rete eee aN oh 30, 000 32. B51* 
ENT A Pen mMG Gi tia plage Shik Ng beanie 11.000 16, 581A 
Peri POG a see AUN $4) el ese we) ens wiiha ua 2.000 
Se rye ameateee Noein) adps 0) 8 lan vy lho ict 3,000 3,000* 
Ee De METI Craninl e's Ib, es anes he wl dalle 2,000 1, 7094 
He One AN ug tg oe ch et eh os ve 3, 000 2, 500* 


TO tal s . ° a 6 7 ® e s * s ° ° ® 420, OCO 


foe a ee ee 


ee re ee tt ne ne re es rn re ee cn re te te te et ee 


*Partially estimated 
Tneluding Gutta-percha 


fNot shown sinee inclusion of scrayn with crude 
would show excessive exports. 


ma Fe 


JAN, 


SAAR . 


x 


Ay BREEN * Pa eeu 
e ie al i 
ry wees a Tae) 
; ° iw J ; ; i 
Ono. eth tnt | 
AUT yc ea eo fs 
heath by pe eth 
CA 7 p 
i oy al 


win 


OO, yen et seat, ae 
Rest Tas tp ) 
Re 
Rin ies 


Mi ak 


M xh 


y, 7 \ 
CaN 
Ay ‘ thal 

AM 
ahi Ln 


ny 


: ‘ the 
; fi ‘4 ie oe fries 
cere rahi stmt i in ai funy mie ri ih 


sgt 


i‘ 
t 


ie fone ae Sia alanine hea dara deen ws cumin 
wie ts, Ng si share ‘ pa VAN ‘soiling hie ta ; Pa : mi ' " 


ay) ee 
UU) eat 1" er GAL i ign oo 
ayy i} { 


1m 
Miah 
nh 


Sa 


i 
; 


iad ie 


val ok "4 a 


: Ya iyi! 


(is ae rh 
as 
pa, 


7, py he uit f 
it a ih ' 
Hib HERG ani aia 
ee 


| het hs Pr 


iy 


y aie Nak ae as 


aa ait ane seco i not: H ‘i 


‘) 


WORLD'S BRODUCTION AND SHIPMENTS OF CRUDE RUBBER 1946-1922 


z eS  —————————————————————————————————————— 


ru 
p> 
= 
ae 
oO 
= 
teas 


LESG 


1850 
1869 
1870 
1880 
1290 
1900 
| 1901 
Dee allay 
| 1903 
i 1904 
| 1905 


1840 | 


| 1906 | 


ere 


1908 | 


| 3909 
eee Le 
heelo it 
Seagal 
idol 
ha. ead 
Pa Mase he 
| 1916 
elo L7 
| 1918 
| 1919 
| 1920 
: 1921 
Eee 
| 

| 


2,618 
6,484 
8,525 

16,102 

26,271 

29.750 


728,040 


30,540 
30,097 
32,869 
34,147 
36,644 
37, 384 
38,748 
43,544 
1673 
48,767 
43,450 
39,643 


42, 924 
Sa] 218 


42,455 
28, 232 
41,147 
27 976 
20,171 
26,696 


' 


-19- 


Year | AMAZON t LEeu Wid E 


WILD 


53,886 
54, 845 
52 "BSD 
56 029 
62,077 


PLANTATION — GR 


| 
\ 


i 


62,000. 


73. 348 
64, 662 
48,091 
54.870 
54,485 
54 946 
35 028 
52,676 
44,131 


25 ea Gis 


SL, "696 


en ae rt er i ee a EE NN 


4 

9) 

s 

oe: 

43 

145 
O10 
1-000 
TP, 8Co 
DOW 
8,200 
17,487 
ro Meno on» 


69, 
103, 500 


144, 663 
198,979 
159,724 
317 132 
372,702 
297, 630 


377 186 


fone ¥ 
VO ) OU 516) 


54,850 
52,340 
55.950 
Gee 
62,145 
66,210 
69.000 
65,400 
69,600 
77 500 
84, 880 
105, 285 
114,651 
118,087 
168,170 
199,146 
uo) 925 
194, LO 
369, 808 
Se 833 
ioe 301 
409 ABE 


* 
4 a 4 


aes htm thon nar = a cere ean: 
' af oo fen 


7 


te Po Rn 


ah @ 
of: he * *h 
me Sa A 


F's a 


A TaRe & 


+ 
ety) 
7 ¢ 
' 
ig 


a 2h a OD “fi 
pen : ‘ . : a 
is a . ; a 4 4 
y 1 ar q _ 
ee em time a ~ = casein’ ate oe ee, we . 
Pi ess > a ea ¥y “a % 
ait j aah 7 ni J 
ae Py we. es ap i= 
: 7s) 
i. v 
< 4 
“a e ss % or 
Bt) i+ * 
4 [oe 
i ‘ a 
. ' { 
3 
$i i Ci 
F : rx 


{ 4 a ss 
ws ay ‘ ‘Cn ae 3 ¥ 
i: ' , wi eee a 


‘ os. 0 5 

“4 tent Ping ¥ Mg he? 

4. es eee ar oe 
> dae wat J OG.’ we 


gay ea CIO BA 


= ‘< ae f ite iF i 
¢ e L ae ag 
7 | Ag 
im Le) ee eo =? 
; cg Lig’ so 


3 ts . pile ieee oats 
Tad. ety i ei te ‘. 
“ : f i é t oe ‘ NA mY , a} ; 7 


vo <1 


7 
Fy Saal 
oy A ot Sy ee 
‘ 
de: Oe CE 
ey 


a * v " ip . 
_ Cad 2 , a i > 
f 2 Nes i, +: gah . a 
fie mk % 
4 - > . wh. 
: , ’ i 
re. - g - tee es 7) 
So + ew — re + 75 +o yale eee Pian ne Ran aia LF aa dont than os ie ered tn © omen ye 
’ 2 - 4 


' 
2% « Dane 


THE UNITED STATES RUBBER COMPANY 


The United States. Rubber Company is the largest rubber 
company in the worid. The sales of the Company place it easily 
at the head of the rubber manufacturing industry. The seles 
were $256,150,130.00 in 1920, and $186,261,581.00 in 1923, 


The United States Rubber Company was organized Mareh 29, 
£892. It operates fifty-two factories in the United Stetes 
and Canada, its general offices are at 1790 Broadway, New York 
City. The Company's products include virtually every kind of 
article that is made of rubber, 

One of the most important undertakings of the Company 
has been its entrance into the plantation field in the Far hast, 
It owms in Sumatra the largest single plantation in the world, 
and also owns e number of other smcller plantations in Sumatre 
and the Melay peninsula. In addition, it is under contract to 
purchese the entire crude rubber production of several other 
plantations, 


The Compéeny conducts its sales in foreign countries 
through the United States Rubber Export Comneny, Ltd. Branches 
of the Export Company are loceted in most of the larger foreign 
countries, and foreign offices are maintsined in a number of 
other countries, Distributors represent the Company in all the 
large cities of the world where no branches are established. 


Among the chief products of the Company are automobil 
motoreycle and bicycle tires, belting, clothing, dental sup- 
plies, druggist and hospital supplies, insulated wire and cable, 
footwear, hose of ail Kinds, mettine moulded soods, travelling 
bags, packings, sheetings, golf balls, tepe, toys and tubing. 


—-20- 


wg 


~/ 


